1. General information about the language |
|
Macroarea |
AREA |
39 |
Africa / Eurasia / North America / Papunesia / South America |
2. Segmental phonology |
|
MPU (minimal prosodic unit) |
MPU |
25 |
syllable / mora |
|
Language has a prosodic foot |
FOOT |
24 |
yes / no |
|
Does prosodic foot play a role in establishing boundaries of tonal spans? |
FTSPAN |
4 |
yes / no |
|
Phonemic long vowels |
LONGV |
0 |
|
|
Depressor consonants |
DEPRESS |
0 |
|
|
Consonant classes establish tonal span boundaries |
CONSSPAN |
0 |
|
3. Tonal inventory |
|
Number of tonal levels |
NUMTL |
24 |
2 / 3 / 4 / 5 |
|
Which tonal levels are present |
TL |
24 |
H / L / M / xH / xL |
|
Downstep |
DOWNSTEP |
22 |
yes / no |
|
Number of tonemes |
NUMTON |
21 |
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 |
|
Upstep |
UPSTEP |
0 |
|
|
Number of contours hosted by one syllable |
NUMCONT |
0 |
|
|
Number of contours hosted by one mora |
NUMCONTMORA |
0 |
|
4. Tonotactics |
|
Minimal tonal span size (in MPUs) |
MINTSPAN |
22 |
0.0 / 0.5 / 1.0 / 2.0 |
|
Maximal tonal span size (in MPUs) |
MAXTSPAN |
23 |
1.0 / 2.0 / 3.0 / 4.0 / inf |
|
Which boundaries can appear inside a tonal span |
TSPANBND |
23 |
foot / mora / morpheme / none / prosodic word / syllable |
|
Extratonal syllables/moras |
EXTONSYL |
23 |
yes / no |
|
How extratonal syllables/moras are tonalized |
TNMETHOD |
16 |
obtains a default tone (which is not a toneme) / tonalized through polarization / unspecified tone (filled with any tone) / other |
|
Default tonal level |
TLDEFAULT |
9 |
M / L |
|
Restrictions on toneme combinations in a word or foot |
TONECOMB |
0 |
|
|
Tonal melodies are relevant |
MELODY |
0 |
|
|
Number of tonal melodies |
NUMMEL |
0 |
|
|
Tonal phrases |
TPHRASE |
0 |
|
5. Stress and tone |
|
Culminativity |
CULM |
23 |
yes / no |
|
Obligatoriness |
OBLIG |
23 |
yes / no |
|
Stress |
STRESS |
23 |
yes / no |
|
Position of stress is fixed |
STRESSFIX |
0 |
|
|
Orientation of stress |
STRESSORI |
0 |
|
|
Stress is weight-sensitive |
STRESSWT |
0 |
|
|
Stress is lexically specified |
STRESSLEX |
0 |
|
|
Secondary stress |
SECSTRESS |
0 |
|
|
Correlation between stress and tonal distribution |
STRESSTON |
0 |
|
|
Positional prominence |
PROMINENCE |
0 |
|
6. Tonal rules |
|
Rule type inventory |
RULETYPES |
12 |
fusion of tonemes / other / plateauing / polarization / tonal shift / tonal spread / toneme copy / toneme deletion |
|
Segmental processes affect mapping of tonal spans |
SEGSPAN |
0 |
|
|
Intonation interacts with tone |
TONEINT |
0 |
|
|
Declination suspended in non-declaratives |
DECLSUSP |
0 |
|
|
Downstep suspended for intonational purposes |
DSTPSUSP |
0 |
|
7. Grammatical and Lexical Tones |
|
Underlyingly toneless bound morphemes |
TLESSMORPH |
22 |
yes / no |
|
Grammatical tonal morphemes |
GRAMTONE |
22 |
yes / no |
|
Tonal morphemes that combine a segment with a tonal operation outside of the segment |
TSEGGRAM |
12 |
yes / no |
|
Tonal morphemes that contain more than one toneme |
MULTGRAM |
12 |
yes / no |
|
Number of grammatical tonal morphemes |
NGRAM |
12 |
2–4 / 5–9 / 10–29 / 30–99 |
|
Grammatical tones are realized on words of the following parts of speech |
GRAMPOS |
11 |
adjective / adverb / auxiliary / noun / numeral / other / pronoun / verb |
|
Lexical tone |
LEXTONE |
15 |
yes |
|
Lexical categories that lack lexical tone |
CATNOLEXT |
4 |
grammatical classes of words (e.g. verbs) / randomly distributed across lexicon |
|
Parts of speech that lack lexical tone |
POSNOLEXT |
3 |
adjective / noun / verb |
|
Types of grammatical tone attested |
GTTYPE |
0 |
|
|
Subtypes of item-based grammatical tone |
GTITEM |
0 |
|
|
Subtypes of process-based grammatical tone |
GTPROC |
0 |
|
|
Tonally specified bound morphemes |
TONBOUND |
0 |
|
8. Tonal classes of words |
|
Distribution of tonemes depend on word classes |
TNMDIST |
14 |
yes / no |
|
Tonal classes of words |
TWCLASS |
0 |
|
|
Number of tonal word classes |
NUMTWC |
0 |
|
9. Diachrony of tone |
|
Diachronic account available |
DIACHR |
38 |
False |
10. Traditional representation of tone |
|
Tones marked in orthography |
ORTHO |
14 |
tonal information is present indirectly / tones marked / tones not marked / tones partially marked / unwritten language |