Gengle-Kugama
kow (kuga1239)
Atlantic-Congo (atla1278) > Mumuye-Yandang (mumu1249)
Africa
( West Africa )
L1 speakers: 5000
L2 speakers: None
Last modified: 2025-03-27 16:10 by kirill
2. Prosodic units
3. Tonal inventory
3.2 Inventory of tonemes
High
[ H ]
toneme

Criteria:

  • The Activity Criterion

View details
Low
[ L ]
toneme

Criteria:

  • The Floating Criterion
  • The Tonal Morpheme Criterion
  • The Activity Criterion

View details
4. Tonotactics
4.3. Toneless syllables
5. Stress and tone
6. Tonal Rules
H tone spreading
tonal spread
[H ,] , [L] > [H ,,] [L] / (morpheme _)

H tone can spread to the right before a floating or linked L within a prosodic word, e.g. yɛ̰́kí ꜜváákī (yɛ̰́ki 'money' + =L GEN + váa 'marry' + =ki NMLZ) ‘bridewealth’ (lit. ‘money of marrying’).

L tone delinking
other
[H .] [L .] > [H ..] [L] / (morpheme _) (lex:PRST,COMM,3NHUM _)

L tone delinking takes place when the preceding H tone spreads to the segment that originally hosted this L tone, e.g. máwɛ́ɛ̀ ~ máwɛ́ɛ́ (máwɛ́ ‘how’ + =ɛ̀ PRST).

This rule is applied after:

  • H tone spreading
H tone shift
tonal shift
[L ,] [H ,] , [L] > [L ,,] [H ,] [L] / (prosodic-word _ _ _)

The L toneme of the LH melody spreads to the adjacent mora within the same syllable, while the H toneme shifts to the following toneless syllable within the same prosodic word, e.g. á mààkí ꜜsì (á 1SG + màá 'build' =ki NMLZ + =L GEN + sì 'something') ‘I will build something’.

This rule is applied after:

  • L tone spreading
L tone spreading
tonal spread
[L ,] [H ,] , [L] > [L ,,] [H ,] [L] / (prosodic-word _ _ _)

The L toneme of the LH melody spreads to the adjacent mora within the same syllable, while the H toneme shifts to the following toneless syllable within the same prosodic word, e.g. á mààkí ꜜsì (á 1SG + màá 'build' =ki NMLZ + =L GEN + sì 'something') ‘I will build something’.

L tone deletion
toneme deletion
/L/ [L] > /L/ / _

When a floating L tone occurs after a linked L or after another floating L, it is deleted, e.g. vɔ̰̀ɔ̰̀sìrí ꜜváā (vɔ̰̀ɔ̰sì 'insect' + =L GEN + =rí POSS + =L GEN + váa 'child') ‘insect of the child’.

L tones fusion
fusion of tonemes
[L ,] , [L] > [L ,,] / (syl _ _)

In monosyllabic LØ nouns, a floating L links to the preceding toneless mora. As a result, the LL sequence fuses into a single L, e.g. làà ɗīī (làa 'cheek' + =L GEN + ɗii 'fish') ‘gill’.

7. Grammatical and Lexical Tones
7.1. Grammatical tonal morphemes
7.3. Lexical tones
Miscellaneous
10. Tonal notation in the writing
Analytical report (fulltext)

A detailed analytical report on the tonal system of Gengle-Kugama is available as a preprint at Zenodo.